BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 METHOD:PUBLISH PRODID:-//Telerik Inc.//Sitefinity CMS 14.0//EN BEGIN:VEVENT DESCRIPTION:Exceptionalism and Outliers: \;Advancing Management Theory and Public Policy from Power Law Distribution in Growth-driven PhenomenaGu est Editors:Daniel Clark\, Ivey School of Business\, Western University (C anada)Robert Pidduck\, Strome Business School\, Old Dominion University (U SA)G. Christopher Crawford\, Sykes College of Business\, University of Tam pa (USA)Per Davidsson\, Jönköping International Business School (Sweden) &\; Queensland University of Technology (Australia)Nicola Breugst\, TUM School of Management\, Technical University of Munich (Germany)Christian Lechner\, Luiss Business School\, Luiss University (Italy)AMP Associate E ditor:Véronique Ambrosini\, Monash University (Australia)BackgroundThere i s a rarified class of so-called “exceptional” or “star” or “outlier” perfo rmer firms whose names are synonymous with growth and success. These firm s—along with the individuals within them—have a resonating impact on futu re entrepreneurs long after these entities are no longer considered “ent repreneurial.” Firms like this inspire and educate the rising generations. As such\, their philosophies and actions are the “canary in the coalmine ” for future strategies and management principles implemented in growth-o riented firms around the world\, including: social enterprises\, public s ector organizations\, NGOs\, governments\, charities\, and even religious organizations.Exceptional firms have relatively large data footprints (th rough media\, public appearances\, and the reporting requirements that co me with larger firms)\, allowing researchers to take a data-driven approa ch to developing new theory\, consolidating and extending existing theory . Further\, where the myth of the “lone hero” entrepreneur has long been debunked as a misleading exaggeration of the typical development of succe ssful ventures (McMullen\, 2017)\; there remains the opportunity to learn from both entrepreneurial leadership and employment practices horizontal ly across outlier firms.Star performing firms and individuals (specificall y entrepreneurs and senior managers)\, likely have unique behaviors\, pro cesses\, practices\, and even individual-level cognitions that can inform theory and policy. The seeds of creative destruction often arise in a fe w exceptional initiatives and subsequently inform the landscape defining best practice for other aspiring ventures. Rather than writing off outlie rs as aberrations to our theorizing\, this call seeks to draw attention t o how we can advance greater understanding of success from the exceptiona l and highly influential few. Outliers oftentimes start as everyday ventu res\, but with exceptional outcomes\, they continue to serve as inspirati on and models for legions of potential entrepreneurs (Peter &\; Pierk\ , 2021). They exist in all industries\, all nations\, and all types of ve nturing. They are a statistical phenomenon\, the people in the tail of the distribution\, but it is their highly desirable place in the curve that makes them interesting. This is the focus of this special issue: examinin g exceptional high-growth firms\, for the purposes of better understandin g outliers as a context\, exploring the boundary conditions of existing t heory\, and developing new theory and policy towards future exceptional f irms.So\, how do we know an exceptional outlier? The star performer litera ture suggests that means and standard deviations are meaningless\, and th at star performers are found in a power law distribution (Sornette\, 2006 \; Taleb\, 2020). This is also true for nascent\, young\, and high-growth firms (Crawford\, Aguinis\, Lichtenstein\, Davidsson &\; McKelvey\, 2 015). Outliers are identified as those observations in the tail of the po wer law distribution (Crawford et al.\, 2015)\; as such\, depending on the relative exceptionalism: outliers can account for anywhere between .1%-1 8% of the total observations in the distribution\, explaining an overwhel ming disproportion of results. Thus\, papers in this special issue may cl assify an outlier according to the shape of the particular distribution u nder study. Further\, we can study the phenomenon as it occurs\, because exceptional outliers will far exceed the distribution curve long before t heir ultimate outcome. As such\, it is incumbent upon researchers to keep these two considerations in mind as they design their research and ident ify potential outliers: a focus on outcomes\, and extreme outperformance relative to peers.Aims and Scope of the Special IssueThe study of growth s tar performers can occur at multiple levels (Beamish &\; Hasse\, 2022) : the ecosystem\, the firm\, and even the unique contribution of key indi viduals—any that might influence exceptional outcomes. Outliers are the c ulmination of factors: innovations\, personality\, philosophies\, a uniqu e management style\, strategies\, resource management\, (at least sometim es) impression management tactics\, and more\; but how each of these expl ains\, expands\, redefines\, and contradicts prevailing theories is the u ndiscovered country of this research tract. This special issue will addre ss the call from Crawford et al.’s (2015) findings of ubiquitous power la w distributions in the inputs and outcomes of new venture emergence and g rowth: “Our results call for the development of new theory to explain and predict the mechanisms that generate these distributions and the outlier s therein (p. 696).” We encourage research exploring a wide range of assu mptions and research questions: some example research questions are liste d below. With a focus on growth\, entrepreneurship research is expected a nd welcomed\, but so is research from any management domain. Potential Res earch Questions Exceptional Outlier Entrepreneurs or Firms vs. “Normal” En trepreneurs or FirmsWhat are the various ways we can conceptualize and ope rationalize outliers?What mechanisms drive the emergence of outliers?How d o outliers amass and deploy human\, social\, and financial capital?How do outliers search for\, recognize\, assess\, and pursue opportunities?How do outliers ideate\, process\, refine\, resource\, and launch potential vent ures? Do outliers differ on cognitive and behavioral measures (e.g.\, pass ion\, imaginativeness\, self-efficacy\, etc.)?How do outliers embody\, di scuss\, reflect\, or embrace social values within and outside their firms ?How do outliers work in and lead their firms? Do they have any repeated p ersonal habits?What are the cognitions\, dispositions\, beliefs of outlie rs?What are some goals\, aspirations\, motivations\, and expectations for growth of outliers?Exceptional Outlier Entrepreneurs or Firms (within)Wha t are the domains of exceptional outliers e.g.\, profitability\, growth\, sales\, resources acquired\, etc.\; do those domains matter?How do outlie rs manifest in non-commercial contexts? (i.e.\, social\, institutional\, cultural)?How do outliers interact with and exist within institutional ali gnments?How do outliers affect and inspire existing and future entrepreneu rs?What are the political beliefs and involvement of outliers?What are som e of the family alignments\, involvement of family within business\, and relationships of outliers?How do entrepreneurs create a reputation for bei ng exceptional outliers and how do they use this reputation?Exceptional O utlier Entrepreneurs or Firms (across contexts)Do the effects\, manifestat ions\, or implications of outliers differ across industries?Do the effect s\, manifestations\, or implications of outliers differ across nations\, regions\, or cultures?Do the effects\, manifestations\, or implications of outliers differ between commercial and non-commercial contexts?How does the public reception/perception of outliers differ across contexts? When are “stars” celebrated or vilified?Does the recognition of outliers effect the firm\, positively or negatively\, and how? How could outliers reduce systemic wealth inequalities across different environments?Paper StyleSch olars are reminded that AMP seeks papers that advance theory and contribut e to policy (broadly defined).We welcome conceptual\, quantitative\, and qualitative (e.g.\, narratives\, multiple cases\, experiments) inductive papers\, but note that AMP is neither a theory-tested nor a mathematical modeling journal.Submission ProcessSubmission deadline (full paper): 15 De cember 2023. The ScholarOne submission portal will be open from 1 December to 15 December 2023.Authors should follow the AMP Manuscript Preparation Guidelines.Articles will be reviewed according to the AMP double-blind r eview process.We welcome informal enquiries relating to the Special Issue\ , proposed topics\, and potential fit with the Special Issue objectives. P lease direct any questions on the Special Issue to the Guest Editors.Refer encesAguinis\, H.\, &\; Bradley\, K. J. (2015). The secret sauce for o rganizational success. Organizational Dynamics\, 44(3)\, 161-168.Aguinis\, H.\, Ji\, Y. H.\, &\; Joo\, H. (2018). Gender productivity gap among star performers in STEM and other scientific fields. \;Journal of App lied Psychology\, 103(12)\, 1283-1306.Aguinis\, H.\, &\; O'Boyle Jr\, E . (2014). Star performers in twenty‐first century organizations. Personne l Psychology\, 67(2)\, 313-350.Aldrich\, H. E.\, &\; Ruef\, M. (2018). Unicorns\, gazelles\, and other distractions on the way to understanding real entrepreneurship in the United States. Academy of Management Perspec tives\, 32(4)\, 458-472. Baumol\, W. J.\, Schilling\, M. A.\, &\; Wolff \, E. N. (2009). The superstar inventors and entrepreneurs: How were they educated? Journal of Economics &\; Management Strategy\, 18(3)\, 711- 728.Beamish\, P. &\; Hasse\, V. (2022). The importance of rare events and other outliers in global strategy research. Global Strategy Journal\,h ttps://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1437.Bradley\, K. J.\, &\; Aguinis\, H. (201 8). The Abundance of Star Teams: Antecedents of Heavy Tails in Team Produ ctivity Distributions. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2018\, No. 1\, p. 11521). Briarcliff Manor\, NY: Academy of Management.Crawford\ , GC. (2021). ‘Rock Star’ Theory: How to Explain and Predict Entrepreneur ial Success. \;Research OUTREACH\, 121\, 18-21. DOI: \;10.32907/RO -121-1059397311.Crawford\, GC. (2018) Skewed Opportunities: How the Distr ibution of Entrepreneurial Inputs and Outcomes Reconceptualizes the Resea rch Domain. Academy of Management Proceedings\, Vol. 2018\, No. 1\, p. 18 873. Crawford\, GC. (2015) The Emergence of Outliers in Entrepreneurship: A Self-Organized Criticality Framework. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Res earch 35(16)\, Article 1. Crawford\, GC &\; Lichtenstein\, B. (2013) Is there a Singular ‘Law of Entrepreneurship’? Power Law Dynamics of Organ izational Emergence and Growth. \; In Leslie A. Toombs (Ed.)\, Procee dings of the Seventy-Third Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management.Cr awford\, GC. (2012) Emerging Scalability and Extreme Outcomes in New Vent ures: Power Law Analyses of Three Studies. In Leslie A. Toombs (Ed.)\, Pr oceedings of the Seventy-Second Annual Meeting of the Academy of Manageme nt\, ISSN 1543-8643.Crawford\, GC. (2012) Disobeying Power Laws: Perils for Theory and Method. Journal of Organization Design. 1(2): 75-81. Crawf ord\, G. C.\, Aguinis\, H.\, Lichtenstein\, B.\, Davidsson\, P.\, &\; McKelvey\, B. (2015). Power law distributions in entrepreneurship: Implic ations for theory and research. \;Journal of Business Venturing\,&nbs p\;30(5)\, 696-713.Crawford\, GC\, Linder C\, Villani\, E\, &\; Lechne r\, C. (2017) Outlier Antecedents\, Processes\, and Consequences in the E mergence of New Ventures. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. 37 (3)\, Article 1. Crawford\, GC &\; McKelvey\, B. (2018) Using Maximum-Likel ihood Estimation Methods and Complexity Science Concepts to Research Powe r Law-Distributed Phenomena in Edward Elgar Handbook of Research Methods i n Complexity Science: Theory and Applications 12: 227-251. E. Midelton-Ke lly\, A. Paraskevas\, &\; C. Day (Eds.). Cheltenham\, UK. ISBN:1785364 413.Crawford\, GC &\; McKelvey\, B. (2012) Strategic Implications of P ower Law Distributions in the Creation and Emergence of New Ventures: Pow er Law Analyses in Three Panel Studies. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Res earch. (32) 12\, Article 1. Crawford\, GC\, McKelvey\, B\, &\; Lichtens tein\, B. (2014) The Empirical Reality of Entrepreneurship: How Power Law Distributed Outcomes Call for New Theory and Method. Journal of Business Venturing Insights. Volume 1\, Issue 1-2\, Article 1. Kaehr Serra\, C.\, &\; Thiel\, J. (2019). Professionalizing entrepreneurial firms: Managi ng the challenges and outcomes of founder‐CEO succession. \;Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal\, \;13(3)\, 379-409.Klein\, P. G.\, Holmes J r\, R. M.\, Foss\, N.\, Terjesen\, S.\, &\; Pepe\, J. (2022). Capitali sm\, cronyism\, and management scholarship: A call for clarity. Academy of Management Perspectives\, 36(1)\, 6-29. McMullen\, J. S. 2017. Are we con founding heroism and individualism? Entrepreneurs may not be lonerangers\ , but they are heroic nonetheless. Business Horizons\, 60: 257–259Moulick\ , A. G.\, Pidduck\, R. J.\, &\; Busenitz\, L. W. (2019). Bloom where pl anted: Entrepreneurial catalyzers amidst weak institutions. Journal of Bu siness Venturing Insights\, \;11\, e00127.Peter\, C. D.\, &\; Pier k\, J. (2021). Does Shark Tank Enhance Entrepreneurial Activities?. Avail able at SSRN 3657391. Podobnik\, B\, Crawford\, GC\, Lichtenstein\, BM\, Wild\, D\, Zhang\, X\, Stanley\, HE (2020) The New Wealth of Nations: How STEM Fields Generate the Prosperity and Inequality of Individuals\, Compa nies\, and Countries. Chaos\, Solitons\, and Fractals: The Interdiscipli nary Journal of Nonlinear Science\, and Nonequilibrium and Complex Phenom ena. 141\, 110323.Sornette\, D. (2006). \;Critical phenomena in natur al sciences: chaos\, fractals\, self-organization and disorder: concepts and tools. Berlin: Springer Science &\; Business Media. Taleb\, N. N. ( 2020). Statistical consequences of fat tails: Real world preasymptotics\, epistemology\, and applications. STEM Academic Press.Villamor\, I.\, Agui nis\, H.\, &\; Gabriel\, K. (2021). Think Star Performer\, Think Male? Existence and Nature of Implicit Star Performer Theories. In Academy of Management Proceedings \;(Vol. 2021\, No. 1\, p. 11608). Briarcliff Ma nor\, NY: Academy of Management. DTEND;VALUE=DATE:20231216 DTSTAMP:20240329T110256Z DTSTART;VALUE=DATE:20231201 LOCATION: SEQUENCE:0 SUMMARY:AMP Call for Special Issue Papers: Exceptionalism and Outliers UID:RFCALITEM638472925766061977 X-ALT-DESC;FMTTYPE=text/html:
Guest Editors:
AMP Associate Editor:
Véronique Ambrosini\, Monash University (A
ustralia)
Background
There is a rarified class of so-called “exceptional” or “star” or “outlier” per former firms whose names are synonymous with growth and success. These fi rms—along with the individuals within them—have a resonating impact on fu ture entrepreneurs long after these entities are no longer considered “e ntrepreneurial.” Firms like this inspire and educate the rising generation s. As such\, their philosophies and actions are the “canary in the coalmi ne” for future strategies and management principles implemented in growth -oriented firms around the world\, including: social enterprises\, public sector organizations\, NGOs\, governments\, charities\, and even religio us organizations.
Exceptional firms have relatively large data footp rints (through media\, public appearances\, and the reporting requirement s that come with larger firms)\, allowing researchers to take a data-driv en approach to developing new theory\, consolidating and extending existi ng theory. Further\, where the myth of the “lone hero” entrepreneur has l ong been debunked as a misleading exaggeration of the typical development of successful ventures (McMullen\, 2017)\; there remains the opportunity to learn from both entrepreneurial leadership and employment practices h orizontally across outlier firms.
Star performing firms and individu als (specifically entrepreneurs and senior managers)\, likely have unique behaviors\, processes\, practices\, and even individual-level cognitions that can inform theory and policy. The seeds of creative destruction oft en arise in a few exceptional initiatives and subsequently inform the lan dscape defining best practice for other aspiring ventures. Rather than wr iting off outliers as aberrations to our theorizing\, this call seeks to draw attention to how we can advance greater understanding of success fro m the exceptional and highly influential few. Outliers oftentimes start a s everyday ventures\, but with exceptional outcomes\, they continue to se rve as inspiration and models for legions of potential entrepreneurs (Pete r &\; Pierk\, 2021). They exist in all industries\, all nations\, and all types of venturing. They are a statistical phenomenon\, the people in the tail of the distribution\, but it is their highly desirable place in the curve that makes them interesting. This is the focus of this special issue: examining exceptional high-growth firms\, for the pur poses of better understanding outliers as a context\, exploring the bound ary conditions of existing theory\, and developing new theory and policy towards future exceptional firms.
So\, how do we know an excep tional outlier? The star performer literature suggests that means and sta ndard deviations are meaningless\, and that star performers are found in a power law distribution (Sornette\, 2006\; Taleb\, 2020). This is also t rue for nascent\, young\, and high-growth firms (Crawford\, Aguinis\, Lic htenstein\, Davidsson &\; McKelvey\, 2015). Outliers are identified as those observations in the tail of the power law distribution (Crawford et al.\, 2015)\; as such\, depending on the relative exceptionalism: outlie rs can account for anywhere between .1%-18% of the total observations in the distribution\, explaining an overwhelming disproportion of results. T hus\, papers in this special issue may classify an outlier according to t he shape of the particular distribution under study. Further\, we can stu dy the phenomenon as it occurs\, because exceptional outliers will far ex ceed the distribution curve long before their ultimate outcome. As such\, it is incumbent upon researchers to keep these two considerations in mind as they design their research and identify potential outliers: a focus o n outcomes\, and extreme outperformance relative to peers.
Aims and Scope of the Special Issue
The study of growth sta
r performers can occur at multiple levels (Beamish &\; Hasse\, 2022):
the ecosystem\, the firm\, and even the unique contribution of key indivi
duals—any that might influence exceptional outcomes. Outliers are the cul
mination of factors: innovations\, personality\, philosophies\, a unique
management style\, strategies\, resource management\, (at least sometimes
) impression management tactics\, and more\; but how each of these explains\, expands\, redefines\, and contradicts prevailing theories i
s the undiscovered country of this research tract. This special issue wil
l address the call from Crawford et al.’s (2015) findings of ubiquitous p
ower law distributions in the inputs and outcomes of new venture emergenc
e and growth: “Our results call for the development of new theory to expl
ain and predict the mechanisms that generate these distributions and the
outliers therein (p. 696).”
We encourage research exploring a wide ra
nge of assumptions and research questions: some example research question
s are listed below. With a focus on growth\, entrepreneurship research is
expected and welcomed\, but so is research from any management domain.
Potential Research Questions
Exceptional Outlier Entrepreneurs or Firms vs. “Normal” Entrepreneu
rs or Firms
Exceptional Outlier Entrepreneu rs or Firms (within)
Exceptional Outlier Entrepreneurs or Firms (ac ross contexts)
Paper Style< /p>
We welcome informal enquiries relating to the Special Issue\, propose d topics\, and potential fit with the Special Issue objectives. Please dir ect any questions on the Special Issue to the Guest Editors.
References
Aguinis\, H.\, &\; B
radley\, K. J. (2015). The secret sauce for organizational success. O
rganizational Dynamics\, 44(3)\, 161-168.
Aguinis\, H.\,
Ji\, Y. H.\, &\; Joo\, H. (2018). Gender productivity gap among star p
erformers in STEM and other scientific fields. \;Journal of Appli
ed Psychology\, 103(12)\, 1283-1306.
Aguinis\, H.\, &\
; O'Boyle Jr\, E. (2014). Star performers in twenty‐first century organiz
ations. Personnel Psychology\, 67(2)\, 313-350.
Aldri
ch\, H. E.\, &\; Ruef\, M. (2018). Unicorns\, gazelles\, and other dis
tractions on the way to understanding real entrepreneurship in the United
States. Academy of Management Perspectives\, 32(4)\, 45
8-472.
Baumol\, W. J.\, Schilling\, M. A.\, &\; Wolff\, E. N. (200
9). The superstar inventors and entrepreneurs: How were they educated?
Beamish\, P. &\; Hasse\, V. (2022). The importance of rare
events and other outliers in global strategy research. Global Strateg
y Journal\,https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1437.
Bradley\, K. J.\, &am
p\; Aguinis\, H. (2018). The Abundance of Star Teams: Antecedents of Heav
y Tails in Team Productivity Distributions. In Academy of Management
Proceedings (Vol. 2018\, No. 1\, p. 11521). Briarcliff Manor\, NY: A
cademy of Management.
Crawford\, GC. (2021). ‘Rock Star’ Theory: How t
o Explain and Predict Entrepreneurial Success. \;Research OUTREACH
\, 121\, 18-21. DOI: \;10.32907/RO-121-1059397311.
Crawford\,
GC. (2018) Skewed Opportunities: How the Distribution of Entrepreneurial
Inputs and Outcomes Reconceptualizes the Research Domain. Academy of
Management Proceedings\, Vol. 2018\, No. 1\, p. 18873.
Crawford\
, GC. (2015) The Emergence of Outliers in Entrepreneurship: A Self-Organi
zed Criticality Framework. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research
35(16)\, Article 1.
Crawford\, GC &\; Lichtenstein\, B. (2013) Is
there a Singular ‘Law of Entrepreneurship’? Power Law Dynamics of Organi
zational Emergence and Growth. \; In Leslie A. Toombs (Ed.)\, Pro
ceedings of the Seventy-Third Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management
.
Crawford\, GC. (2012) Emerging Scalability and Extreme Outcomes
in New Ventures: Power Law Analyses of Three Studies. In Leslie A. Toomb
s (Ed.)\, Proceedings of the Seventy-Second Annual Meeting of the Aca
demy of Management\, ISSN 1543-8643.
Crawford\, GC. (2012) Disobe
ying Power Laws: Perils for Theory and Method. Journal of Organizati
on Design. 1(2): 75-81.
Crawford\, G. C.\, Aguinis\, H.\, Lichten
stein\, B.\, Davidsson\, P.\, &\; McKelvey\, B. (2015). Power law dist
ributions in entrepreneurship: Implications for theory and research. 
\;Journal of Business Venturing\, \;30(5)\, 696-713
.
Crawford\, GC\, Linder C\, Villani\, E\, &\; Lechner\, C. (2017)
Outlier Antecedents\, Processes\, and Consequences in the Emergence of Ne
w Ventures. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. 37 (3)\, Arti
cle 1.
Crawford\, GC &\; McKelvey\, B. (2018) Using Maximum-Likeli
hood Estimation Methods and Complexity Science Concepts to Research Power
Law-Distributed Phenomena in Edward Elgar Handbook of Research Method
s in Complexity Science: Theory and Applications 12: 227-251. E. Mid
elton-Kelly\, A. Paraskevas\, &\; C. Day (Eds.). Cheltenham\, UK. ISBN
:1785364413.
Crawford\, GC &\; McKelvey\, B. (2012) Strategic Impli
cations of Power Law Distributions in the Creation and Emergence of New V
entures: Power Law Analyses in Three Panel Studies. Frontiers of Entr
epreneurship Research. (32) 12\, Article 1.
Crawford\, GC\, McKel
vey\, B\, &\; Lichtenstein\, B. (2014) The Empirical Reality of Entrep
reneurship: How Power Law Distributed Outcomes Call for New Theory and Me
thod. Journal of Business Venturing Insights. Volume 1\, Issue 1-
2\, Article 1.
Kaehr Serra\, C.\, &\; Thiel\, J. (2019). Professio
nalizing entrepreneurial firms: Managing the challenges and outcomes of f
ounder‐CEO succession. \;Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal\,
 \;13(3)\, 379-409.
Klein\, P. G.\, Holmes Jr\, R. M.\, Fo
ss\, N.\, Terjesen\, S.\, &\; Pepe\, J. (2022). Capitalism\, cronyism\
, and management scholarship: A call for clarity. Academy of Managemen
t Perspectives\, 36(1)\, 6-29.
McMullen\, J. S. 2017. Ar
e we confounding heroism and individualism? Entrepreneurs may not be lone
rangers\, but they are heroic nonetheless. Business Horizons\, 60: 257–259
Moulick\, A. G.\, Pidduck\, R. J.\, &\; Busenitz\, L. W. (2019). Bl
oom where planted: Entrepreneurial catalyzers amidst weak institutions. <
em>Journal of Business Venturing Insights\, \;11\, e001
27.
Peter\, C. D.\, &\; Pierk\, J. (2021). Does Shark Tank Enhance
Entrepreneurial Activities?. Available at SSRN 3657391.
Podob
nik\, B\, Crawford\, GC\, Lichtenstein\, BM\, Wild\, D\, Zhang\, X\, Stan
ley\, HE (2020) The New Wealth of Nations: How STEM Fields Generate the P
rosperity and Inequality of Individuals\, Companies\, and Countries.
Chaos\, Solitons\, and Fractals: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonline
ar Science\, and Nonequilibrium and Complex Phenomena.
em> 141\, 110323.
Sornette\, D. (2006). \;Critical phenomena i
n natural sciences: chaos\, fractals\, self-organization and disorder: con
cepts and tools. Berlin: Springer Science &\; Business Media.
Taleb\, N. N. (2020). Statistical consequences of fat tails: Real world p
reasymptotics\, epistemology\, and applications. STEM Academic Press.
Villamor\, I.\, Aguinis\, H.\, &\; Gabriel\, K. (2021). Think Star Per
former\, Think Male? Existence and Nature of Implicit Star Performer Theo
ries. In Academy of Management Proceedings \;(Vol. 2021\, No.
1\, p. 11608). Briarcliff Manor\, NY: Academy of Management.